How about just “Moronic”. We get it, your mummy-daddy or your elite JC or whatever made you study Western literature. This is assholic writing. The author goes on to talk about how Finland has done education its own way and been successful, completely failing to note that Finland’s egalitarian system is poles apart from Singapore’s cutthroat competition.

Like the use of “keep” for “put away” – this happened in the surgery waiting room when I went for Lasik last November:
Nurse: Keep your spectacles.
Me: OK. [Continues wearing specs]
[2 minutes later]
Nurse: I said keep your spectacles. Keep your spectacles in your bag!
Me: Oh…

Also, the use of “bullets” for “staples” and “zap” for “photocopy” makes office work sound quite violent. I wonder if any hapless US Americans or other US-educated foreigners mistakenly put some important documents in the shredder upon being told to zap them…

Anyway, I’m still trying to read through it on my own. The version of the Bible I currently use is the NET Bible in the CadreBible Android app. I found it worth paying for the full version because, while the translation is frankly awkward, where it shines is the massive amount of annotation on the translations and a bit on history and geography. While I may not agree that something needed to be paraphrased to make it understandable in modern English, at least there is something telling me clearly what the original phrasing was.

One of the interesting notes in the early part of Isaiah is on 7:20: 

At that time the sovereign master will use a razor hired from the banks of the Euphrates River, the king of Assyria, to shave the head and the pubic hair; it will also shave off the beard.

The more common NIV says:

In that day the Lord will use a razor hired from beyond the Euphrates River—the king of Assyria—to shave your head and private parts, and to cut off your beard also.

The note on this verse in NET says:

Heb “the hair of the feet.” The translation assumes that the word “feet” is used here as a euphemism for the genitals. See BDB 920 s.v. רֶגֶל.

Some time later I was browsing through the story of Ruth because it’s short and fun to read. Also, feminist-ish. And I went WAIT A SECOND because there’s this bit where “feet” is used in a strange context although this verse wasn’t annotated in NET (the current online version has been updated so there is a note on it now). Naomi advises Ruth to sneak into Boaz’s barn at night and do this (NIV version):

When he lies down, note the place where he is lying. Then go and uncover his feet and lie down. He will tell you what to do.

So without knowing about that euphemistic use of “feet” in ancient Hebrew, one is left with a slightly amusing mental image of Boaz waking up at night because his feet were cold. Knowing it, one has a much more vivid picture of him half-asleep, absent-mindedly scratching his balls, and then suddenly going OPOCOT MAK on finding this tigress in pussycat disguise leaning over him.

It kind of reminds me of what I was told recently by a Wildlife Conservation Society worker who’s doing human-elephant conflict mitigation around Taman Negara. She said that a number of the Jakun “clients” were uncomfortable being around her, because in their culture, if you kena tangkap basah (yeah, literally caught getting wet), the elders can force you to marry the other party!

One has to also wonder what Ruth’s reputation in the community had been when she first got there. Even though Boaz had a good report of her taking care of her MIL, young widows in both ancient and modern times may not be considered respectable… A thousand or so years later, St. Paul advised young widows to remarry to avoid getting into trouble. At the Freedom Film Festival 2011, the film “Huruf J” about the status of ethnic Malay divorcees in Malaysia was shown (the same word “janda” is used for widows and divorcees if I understand correctly). Besides economic problems like loss of income and frequent failure of the men to pay child support, they also have to face stigma and sexual harassment because of the perception that J also stands for “jalang”, that is, a slut.

Anyway, back on topic. The other thing I bet you didn’t know about Isaiah is that he predicts a zombie apocalypse in 26:19-20:

Your dead will come back to life;
your corpses will rise up.
Wake up and shout joyfully, you who live in the ground!
For you will grow like plants drenched with the morning dew,
and the earth will bring forth its dead spirits.
Go, my people! Enter your inner rooms!
Close your doors behind you!
Hide for a little while,
until his angry judgment is over!

Giam begins.

Shit!!! Stupid WordPress Android client. I just lost several paragraphs on catch stats and practices. Basically he said about 70% catches are from developing countries vs 30% developed; artisanal fishing takes most; overall abt 80% is bycatch and only 20% is targeted; most fins are taken from dead bycatch.

(All the below are quotes or paraphrases of the speaker unless explicitly stated as my opinion =P)
“Endangered?” Sawfish 6 species in Appendix I, 3 spp in Appendix II. There are more than 400 spp.

Saying sharks are endangered is like saying birds are endangered.

Many abundant eg spiny dogfish and blue sharks. Giam explains CITES and Appendix I definition briefly.
Appendix II: basking shark, great white, whale shark. AppII can be bought sold or traded.
No other AppI proposals since listing sawfish in 2007. In contrast, atlantic bluefin tuna listed in recent years.

“Live finning”: cutting of fins from a live shark.
Live finning difficult and physically dangerous.
… has misled the world into thinking live finning is common and pervasive.
Some exceptions: longline tuna boats when sharks are caught as bycatch, cut fins and discard sharks to make room for tuna.
Reasons live finning not the norm:
1. 70% sharks caught by developing countries, land whole sharks and sell locally. Fins are salvaged.
2. Developed countries catch 30%. Spain, US, France, Portugal, NZ. Their governments do not allow live finning.
3. Claim of 73 million sharks finned per year impossible in terms of manpower, would require millions of fishermen (my comment: this sounds bloody ridiculous, you mean 1 fisherman is only capable of doing 1 or 2 per year? Anyway how many million ppl are in fisheries where sharks are caught?)
4. Law: EU 5% law, fins cannot exceed 5% live wt of shark catch. Taiwan also bans live finning.

Cultural discrimination
Sturgeon are in Appendix I but no one is campaigning to stop caviar, nor atlantic bluefin tuna meat. (My comment: Liar liar pants on fire)
Atlantic salmon overfished
Spiny dogfish is a shark but is highly abundant and no one is campaigning to stop eating it

Three sharks in Appendix II: these should be protected.
1. Do not allow catch or landing of protected sharks
2 (I missed what this point was)
3. Limit use of protected sharks products
4. Ban recreational shark fishing as in US and Canada

Banning shark fin soup is not a solution
Fins from bycatch will be wasted
The 20% of targeted sharks will have to be finned and fins discarded also.
Hurts livelihood of millions of fishermen in poor countries.

10 min snack break. Tan Hang Chong, an NSS member & adventure guide, chatting to “Lynn” from Conservation Intl’s recently established Sg branch. Sardine sandwiches.

Panel discussion
Louis Ng, ACRES
Hank Jenkins, Species Managment Specialists my comment: sounds like a name from a 1950s US tv show
Prof. Steve Oakley, Sharksavers Malaysia

Oakley is up. Mod introduces him: has worked in Msia for some years, coastal conservation & shark population monitoring in Borneo. Sabah sharks fell 98% in 16 years!!!!
Sharks have been declining in direct proportion to prosperity in China
FAO has been concerned w shark fisheries in 1990
“I’m a sinner” has killed many sharks for stomach content sampling on commercial longliners & trawlers. Agrees w Giam tt no one wants to handle live shark, they are killed by clubbing usually.
Worked in Jamaica decades ago- almost equal chacnes of catching fihs vs shark on line. Back then they didn’t know there was a market in E Asia.

75M sharks killed- is this a problem?
7B ppl on this planet, we eat a lot of animals
What do we not eat? Spp for which populations are unsustainable

2 points:
1. Information/knowledge: we can count land animals like orangutans &elephants but not hammerheads or great whites. We need infromation for managemet.
2. Regulation: Appendix I gives priority to poor artisanal fishermen. Eg Greenland and Faroe whalers. Traditional whaling. 950 pilot whales/y in Faroes is not significant.
Balance between conservation & consumption. Eg Ostional olive ridley turtle eggs collected and sold by locals for 1st 36 hours of nesting season (rationale: the first nests will be dug up by later-arriving turtle mothers anyway), protect nests and hatchlings from predators/poachers subsequently.

Artisanal fishers: shd they get special treatment? Resoundingly YES.

Core issue: Are shark fisheries manageable?
Issue of whether fins or meat more valuable irrelevant, what matters is the shark is dead.

Live finning a moral/cultural/ethical issue but dead is dead.
(Eg halal slaughter by exsanguination, fish suffocate to death, lobsters & crabs boiled alive)
We all have different cultures and morals, will disagree on cultural issues. What we can agree on is sustainable management.

Whether or not populations are falling, managment is still needed to sustain livelihood for poor ppl in Sg.
We are in singapore, a “fine city” but there are no regulations on this industry!! (Compared to farmed terrestrial animals)

Pulls up list of national and international regulations on shark fishing and finning. Taiwan banned finning recently. Bahamas banned ALL shark fishing in 2011, Congo-Brazzaville in 2001. Sabah cabinet banned fishing in May 11.
To answer the original question: who thinks 75M sharks killed per year is too many? LOTS OF PEOPLE.

Goes briefly into why sharks as top predators important ecologically & for tourism.
Shows graphs of N Am 1970-2005 shark fishery, cownose ray (chief food for sharks in this area), and scallops (also commercially important, which cownose rays eat): sharks fished out, cownose rays went up, scallops crashed.

Ecotourism: also benefits poor communities, can be lucrative in reefs which are marginal for fishing. Eg Fiji
Nursery effect where the fish in protected tourist diving areas swim to unprotected areas, fish stocks go up.

Bahamas: huge income from tourism and MOVIES. Sharks in movies nearly always in Bahamas. $40m/year.
Palau: values live sharks @ $1000000, dead $65-100.
South Africa: great whites worth $75000/day to local economy.

Shark fin soup not worth as much as live sharks and the $ mostly goes to traders, not local fishermen.

Sabah survey in 1996/7, over 1000h underwater. Could not raise govt support in 2002. Repeated survey in 2010/11 when fisheries dept realised it was an issue.
Most sites in 10/11 no sharks at all. Only few sites had a shark on every dive. Sipadan is a big hotspot, 40-50 per dive.
Overall: 96.42% fall in populations from ’97–’10/11. In 97 was only 3 sharks per 1000h underwater!
Most common white-tip reef shark fell by 98%.

Compare to “best” reefs in Fiji, Palau, Red Sea have 40-120 sharks per 1000h diving. Sabah USED to have 40/1kh in 1970s.

Sipadan protected area is only 2km, but a hammerhead swims 50km/night! Hammerheads go along underwater mt range.

Other problem: transboundary, sharks will go across national borders.

There are now only 100 places in the world you can see sharks. 5000 dive locations no sharks. This was NOT the case few decades ago.

Regulations: made by politicians, respond to public pressure.
Eg. Tope in UK, now catch & release only
EU banned shark fishing in 2003 but loopholes allow finning. Some spp still not recovered from heavy fishing in 80s.
UK consumers DO NOT eat spiny dogfish any more. Shark still eaten in Portugal, Spain.
SEA: fishballs typically made w cheapest fish which is usually shark.
USA success: NOAA Fisheries director implementing regulations on quotas, gear, recreational fishing, seasons.

Should Singaporeans eat shark fin soup? Would you eat dolphins, sealions, whales, elephants, rhinos…
Simple answer NO
Complex answer YES if from certified sustainable source. (Example from land: FSC)

AVA in Sg should regulate protected areas for the ocean.
Eg landfills can be substrate for planting corals.

Aquariums should not be the only place our children and grandchildren can see sharks. They should be available to all of us.

Hank Jenkins: “The Anti Shark Fin Campaigns: Fact or Fiction?”

“If all the NGOs were as logical and rational as Steve, I don’t think there would be an issue.”

Gives timeline of shark fishery & conservation issues from early 90s, UN and NGO involvement

(I really should go back to work…)

Lobbying by NGOs to CITES to include more sharks in NGOs have not resulted in any Appendix II listings. (Me: well that’s the problem with CITES, it’s run by governments, so shouldn’t we be going by IUCN instead?), hence have focused more on consumers in recent years “campaigns waged against Chinese communities around the world” (my comment: good grief he makes it sound like pogroms)

NGO tactics
1. Define & publicise a problem with easily understood cause and effect
2. Identify a villain, ie Chinese
3. Present worst case scenario: sharks will go exticnt
4. Manipulate facts, eg present the belief abt cruelty of live finning
5. Give simple solution: if Chinese ppl stop eating sharks we will save them.

NGO misinformation
Failure to differentiate finning of live vs dead
Failure to distinguish how many of 26-73M sharks/year (source for numbers: Clarke 2006) for fins only vs whole bodies retained for meat
Claim that all the 73m sharks were live finned
Over-dramatizing by conflating “commercial extinctions” with biological extinction
Claiming that fins are traded on black market

Images of finned sharks: unknown whether animals are dead of alive. (me: this is why images online need sources cited) Claims WildAid’s image of drifting hammerhead is staged bc can see a dinghy on the surface, small organisms feeding ard its gills means it has been dead some time “clearly an orchestrated photo”

Summary:
Targeting sharks for fins not economically viable for pelagic fishery
Live finning illegal and condemned by industry
3 sources of fins: bycatch of pelagic longline fisheries, byproducts or targeted shark fisheries, multispecies artisanal fisheries
Claims of extinction are fallacious & conflate commercial, biological extinction
Banning shark fins deprives poor communities of income.

Conclusion: little doubt that many shark fisheries overexploited. Problem will not be solved by banning trade in fins without banning consumption of meat.

Jenkins present example of “new and disturbing development (sic) campaigning”: Toronto Chinese Business Association received hate mail for protesting fin soup ban. Jenkins flashes past slide w copy of hate mail bc transmission of such is illegal, he says.

Oakley agrees hammerhead photo faked BUT says other photo gray reef shark real & taken in Sabah near Sampoerna, however sharks are clubbed to death. When boat fills up, fins are cut off and bodies of less valuable spp dumped. Mabul is full of divers with cameras, so not unlikely to photograph. Practice of dumping now stopped bc upsetting divers.

Louis Ng, ACRES (is registered as intl NGO in Australia & Laos also).
Goes straight to topic of helping to poor, presents numbers on ecotourism $ in Red Sea & Palau & Bahamas.
Aside from income from diving operations, also F&B industry, hotel, airport…

17% sharks are listed as threatened or endangered by IUCN; unlike Cites these are based entirely on scientific data.
The 14 most common spp of sharks are unsustainably fished.
47% are listed as data deficient by IUCN meaning we simply don’t know.
Most sharks are slow-growing & produce few young over lifetime.
Catches in various oceans declined by 90% or more(several examles given)

Shelley Clarke 2008: shark meat not lucrative so fishermen have strong incentive to fin and dump bodies.
2011 Taiwanese boat 1st to be caught using new practice of landing skeletons w meat from bodies removed.

Two wrongs don’t make a right: no point blaming Europeans or Chinese, this is a global problem.
Companies such as Carrefour, Ntuc, Cold Storage are responding to CONSUMERS in stopping stocking sharks fin

Health: US FDA, Victoria state in Aus, issued advisories against children & pregnant women consuming sf due to mercury
Thai judge ruled tt WildAid did present scientific data tt sf may be harmful

Taste: sf is essentially tasteless, a restaurant in Sg was fined for serving fake sf for years, customers couldn’t tell. Why not take the ethical alternative?

Let’s focus on making the trade in fins and meat sustainable before we consider eating.

“The very essence of being human is being humane.”

Q&A session:
Hang Chong:
IUCN is not just an Ngo, it is an international body
Cites is not a wildlife body, it is a wildlife TRADE body. They are more interested in trade than conservation
Not true that there is no campaign against bluefin tuna consumption
Also not true that most caviar is from sturgeon.
Charlene:
Can the panelists state their interests? Is dr Giam representing Cites?
Ann Wee, NUS:
Which sharks have valuable fins? Do any other fish have fins of culinary value?

Giam responds:
Only government can be members of Cites, bt Ngos can be members of Iucn.
Acknowleges that other fish are sources of roe but says anti shark fin campaigns still discriminatory bc the other campaigns have less force
Populations numbers going down not the same as extinction
Not representing Cites, here in personal capacity

Jenkins: is representing his company
Does not believe in prohibiton, eg alcohol & narcotics bans expensive and don’t work
Interest lies in “clearly and correctly defining the problem”

Oakley: Chairman of Sharksavers Malaysia, speaking both for himsle f and organisation
Value of fins: depends on size therefore whale, basking sharks most valuable. Very little difference in flavour, ther is a difference in the PERCEPTION of how much money has been spent. Many Chinese dinners he’s attended displayed the fin before the meal to show size.

Ng: fin trade different from drug trade bc you cannot consume fins secretly, you serve bc you want to show off
Cites involves countries financial considerations, Iucn does not.

More Qs:
Alistair
What % of fins are from illegal fishing/finning?
Suggests purchase of sf be only allowed for special occasions eg must show marriage certificate, birth cert
()
How is fake sf made?
Who funds Acres?
Comparing ecotourists w sf consumers, why should we value the interest of 1 group of ppl over others?
(Alistair?)
Given proportion of bycatch to targeted, how do you manage the bycatch? Is it safe to say that only 20% of fins on market are for targeted fishing?

Giam to 1st Q: dunno what % are illegal
Figures refer to catches overall, dunno breakdown of sources of fins that reach market.
Assuming you ban fins altogether, the 20% targeted sharks will still be caught

Ng: the bycatch will still be caught but if there was no market, fishermen would release them
Acres’ finances and staff salaries are all online. Advertising, design, etc are done pro bono by volunteers
Fake sf made from gelatin & konnyaku jelly, recipe on Acres website. Its healthy and has no mercury.

Oakley: the 80% statistic depends on what the target spp is. Some boats target both tuna and hooks using shark hooks, but some boats use only tuna hooks; sharks may bite both.

Jenkins: bycatch is a fisheries mgmt problem. As Steve said, there as methods to be more specific as to what spp you catch.
Problem w FAO is that it’s a voluntary association, members states can do anything.

Ng re interest groups question: It’s not just the interest of divers, there are economic benefits which governments recognise

More Q:
River, writer:
For Giam- why do you consider ban on sf discriminatory? Sf soup is recent, middle class status symbol
Denise, NUS undergrad:
Bluefin tuna endangered, not listed in Cites App I. Therefore could there be species of sharks that are endangered but not listed by Cites?
()
With the 2/3 majority rule in Cites how can it balance trade w marine conservation?
Eugene, project Fin

Jean, public
If live finning is rare practice why do so many companies ban it?

Giam re discrimination: the campaigns focus on sf soup and not other spp equally endangered. Fin trade also unrelated to fishing of sharks.
Re bluefin tuna: 170 countries agreed bluefin “not that bad to be listed in Appendix I”
3 App II species of sharks: next Cites mtg next year, will decide then if they are to be moved up.

Jenkins: the 3 Appendix II spp
Appendix I does not solve mgmt problems. Spp in App I eg tiger, rhino continue to decline.
Re tourism vs sf consumers: wrong to pose as either/or, can have both with sustainable mgmt
How much benefit do coastal communities get from ecotourism? Most successful operations are by expats, benefit to locals from employment and little else.

Oakley: agrees ecotourism not solution everywhere.
Example Great Barrier Reef, fishign in some parts, tourism in others.
Tuna and Cites: Cites is a political organisation.
Tuna boats took advantage of war in Libya to fish Bluefin in Libyan waters. Why didn’t this get to Cites? Because of Japan’s political power. Bluefin will never get onto Cites while Jp has that power to buy enough influence to prevent 2/3 majority vote.

John, Asian Geographic.
We have to find a solution in Singapore- no incentive to stop eating sf because we have no shark ecotourism
Pei Chong, Nus PhD Bio student
We ARE doing coral reef restoration here, I’m doing my dissertation on it
Dr Giam needs to cite sources, normalise data by fishing effort and total catch by region.
Paper in Science by NUS on Cites data
Dex, public
Is misinformation by Ngos (claimed by Jenkins) pushing public away from idea of mgmt? What can we do about it, to return to focus on mgmt?

Giam: nobody really knows what’s going on. His numbers are based on FAO figures. Problem: data collection at the national level. 125 countries.

Jenkins:
No gov in the world has sufficient funds to address enviro problems so they prioritise according to public interest
Conservation NGOs are big business. Money allows them to lobby in Washington, Brussels, etc.
Creates problems bc it takes away resources from spp that are “really” on brink of extinction.

Ng:
ACRES is not calling for lifetime ban, only temporary until stocks are stabilised
Dr Giam has said we need to stop/reduce harvest, that means stop/reduce consumption
Acres is not ruled by financial incentives. I’m the highets paid staff and I get $1.9k/month

Tan: it’s not a question of one side or another, we are all on the same planet
A lot of people have said they want the choice, not for that to be taken away from them by the restaurants.

While I hate being cold, I’m rediscovering that it’s the darkness and aridity of winter that I really can’t stand. One can always bundle up against the cold, as I did in my snowboarder/bank robber outfit used for cycling in up to six inches of snow. There is no defence against having the moisture constantly sucked out of one’s body by the air (having had Lasik a few months ago, I’ve also realised that a function of spectacles is to protect one’s eyeballs from the wind) nor against the gloom that sets in at four and lightens only at eight, especially since Americans still like those jaundice-colored incandescent bulbs. I lived here for eight years, but shoot me if I ever go for another winter holiday.

Leave it to wealthy Singaporeans and KLites to splurge on ski vacations to Korea or Colorado. Since my family’s first stint in the USA, I’ve associated winter with death. Images of brightly-clad children running about in the snow are a meaningless cartoon to me. Snow is what you stamp about in to clear a tiny space while I wait in the dark for a bus that never comes, and the breath freezes in my lungs. Gopal Baratham wrote that for people in the tropics, a dream of winter is essential. The converse has been true for me during my long schooling and apprenticeship, and for the last two weeks.

In the midst of all this I dragged him out for a walk – like a parent extracting a pledge of good behaviour for Christmas presents, I agreed to his buying Skyrim on the condition of half an hour’s exercise a day. And in the midst of all this death and dormancy, we saw this:

A weasel, or something from the weasel family at any rate, which popped out of the withered grass and turned its cool, beady gaze on us for a long moment before diving through a hole in the ice like a miniature seal. We stared amazed as the blebs of its exhalations traced a minute-long circle across the frozen creek, then it clambered out and disappeared back into the grass. We waited as the rustling of its movement continued, and were rewarded with a repeat performance shortly. Poor weasel, neither dive yielded fish nor frog.

In what I feel as the deathly cold and darkness, some not only survive but still hope for prosperity. Happy New Year.

Someone very close to me did his/her undergrad thesis on PPSMI. I am not at liberty to share it but I understand it was highly praised by people who know what they’re talking about. As far as I can tell (my brain goes blank when I see tables of multivariable analysis), the take-home messages were a) we don’t have enough data because there was never a full cohort that did their entire pri/sec education under PPSMI (thanks to our goverment’s premature-ejaculation style of implementation of policy) b) the negative effects are slight but real c) the positive effects are inconclusive. If you’re reading this, kiddo, PM me if I misrepresented you.

———————————————-

Hi Aunty,

I actually disagree with PAGE even though I’m from an English-speaking family. I feel that the improvement of English should be done by improving the English curriculum and not by hijacking science and maths. As science and maths at the primary and secondary school level are still basic, first of all they should be taught in a medium which is EASILY UNDERSTOOD for all students. The goal of science and maths lessons is to convey science and maths concepts, not polish English skills. Understanding of science and maths among the Malaysian public is lousy, just look at the kind of things that journalists and readers
write in the newspapers. Putting the basic education in a language that many find difficult will make it worse.

Secondly, there is no need for all students to have the English lexicon/vocab for these areas. It would only make sense to introduce it for SPM-level science stream students (those taking Add Maths, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology) as these are the ones who are likely to be encountering it in uni later (not for the general science and maths subjects taken by SPM arts students).

The science, maths, and English curricula and teaching quality should definitely be improved – SEPARATELY. As someone who has gone through SPM-level science stream, I can testify that the biology and chemistry syllabi in particular are terrible. But when I temporarily taught some SPM Bio students in 2006, I was shocked to find that the syllabi had simply been translated (what more into bad English) rather than rewritten. Basically PPSMI is like painting a Proton red and calling it a Ferrari. If you try to make it do 300 km/h it will still break down.

To address the incompetence of STEM (science, technology, engineering, maths) university students in English, basic second language skills like how to look up a dictionary, how to find other reliable reference materials, etc. should be added to the English curriculum. Acquiring new vocabulary will not be a problem if they have good English skills and a good grasp of the basic scientific concepts. PPSMI improves upon neither.

The only thing I agree with in the PAGE email is that it’s unfair to switch languages in the middle of a cohort. Those who started in English should complete their pri/sec education in English.

1st year tt Pakatan has come out w Shadow Budget,previously only DAP

Income: bottom 40% avg rm1500/mo
Majority 80% rm2500/mo
>1/3 of household heads employed in informal sector
70% SPM qualification or lower
Inequality among highest in Asia

Debt:
2010 end rm577bn total household debt = 77% gdp
140% personal dispo income (us 123, sg 105, thai 53%)

Competitiveness:
Only country in Asean w net FDI outflows

Rising cost of living.initiatives 2 help
Kar1sma aid program
Kedai 1 Rakyat Msia
Menu 1 Rakyat Msia

Graduates – high unemployment, low skills

Response by gov:
Expand subsidies & handouts
Mega-projects to stimukate demand
-corridors, MRT, Warisan Merdeka
Talent Cortp, ETP, EPP, NKRA…

Subsidies massive
Now 18% gov revenue
2000 rm2.6bn to 2011 rm33bn
Above does NOT include subsidies to industry eg power producers, petrol
Have expanded to include Kedai 1Msia thrift stores& Menu 1Rakyat Msia meals

BN view: hardwaredrives growth
Public-private partenerships
Rural minor infrastructue
Corridors
Langkawi
KL financial district
Even in education, focus is on constructing schools
- for Class F (bumi) constructors only
- fails to address literacy, numeracy, work skills

Coddling businesses
Fill gaps in pte sector directly, even where financial industry has not seen fit to fund
Eg venture capital for creative industry
Islamic finance
Bumi entrepreneurs
SMEs *and* “second chance” funding for failed SMEs
Bank bailouts!!!

Civil servant 10% of workforce, 1.2M civ serv to 1.7M taxpayers
GLCs are 50% of economy
Natl debt rm430bn = 14800/every Msian
Has doubled since 2004.

HOWEVER, revenue has exceeded budget since 1998 except during 2008/9 econ crisis
So why is gov in debt? Spending has also exceeded budget consistently.
Budget deficit has been conspicuously worse last 3y.

Pakatan Rakyat basic framework:
Raise revenue bycurbing tax evasion
Spend money more effectively
Riase incomes by focus on soft infrastructure, not construction

GST not necessary yet -regressive tax bc currently only small % Msians pay income tax

Tax evasion:
APs: +1.8bn if auctioned, no extra cost to citizens.
Illegal trade: e.g. cigarettes 2bn. Gambling industry: illegal nearly same size aslegal

PR 220bn total spend same size as gov budget, but outcomes +20% by eliminating waste
Subsidies targeted to poorest 1/3(2M) households.
Current subisides: mainly petrol, rich benefit more
Kedai 1Rakyat – takes business from neighbourhood shops

Budget 2012 recd surprising amt criticism fr industry, 3rd parties eg Malaysia Rating Corp (MARC)

PR: reduce cost of living & business
Lopsided concessions & monopolies eg IPPs, tolls, lead to high costs.
PR proposes Unfair Public Contracts Act: create commission to review such contracts & can acquire/ expropriate.
Extend Competitions Act to all sectors – currently telcos, Astro, energy exempt.

Wages:
2 foreigners(documented and estimated undocumented) to 5 Msian workers. Mostly unskilled
Disincentive for pte sector to invest in raising worker productivity
Even Msians low education

PR proposals
Minimum wage rm1100
Reduce unskilled foreigners
Emphasise technical/vocational skills, make it a respected career path
Incentivise businesses

Facilitating entrepreneurship
Open procurement: rewards know-how, not know-who; reduce gov costs; reduce fees to middlemen
Current rank 113/183 countries in ease of starting business
Less red tape for rakyat eg filing taxes, renewing licenses.
Keep GLCs in key areas only. Too many GLCs not only reduce competitiveness, also cause conflcits of interest.(regulator vs business)

Gov “generosity” mainly benefits elite
7/10 poverty eradication progrmas failed due to overspending & not selective of recipients
PR: shrink PM’s Dept & reallocate $ to ministries & states

Resource use
Cap Petronas dividends
Better water management (savings, pricing) to avoid buidlding new dams
Improve transport infrastructure

Comparison:
BN budget overoptimistic on gov revenue & GDP, so even though both have similar deficits in $ and % of revenue, BN likely to run over.

Big picture: BN budget hands out plenty of fish for all, from the truly needy to Class F contractors.Shadow Budget plans to create a nation of skilful fishermen.
–end talk–

Francis Hutchinson (political economist) follow-up talk
Existential questions

Q1: does Msia need a new growth model?
GDP growth slowed after Asia econ crisis
Good overall enviro for business BUT a lot of other issues

Q2: new social model?
Poverty dropped tremendously over last 4 decades but Gini coefficient barely decreased
Worse than Phils, Indo, Iran, India, USA
Inequality leads to social problems

Q3: state-society model?
Accountability to ppl
Does Msia tax enough & aretaxes being used in productive way?
Most revenue from oil&gas revenue
How govts earn income v important for state-people r’ship: if revenue is from people, gov is highly motivated to make ppl prosperous, ppl are motivated to be engaged in gov.
(Our counterexample: imagine if Petronas Twin Towers, KLIA etcwere paid w income taxes.
Countries w large oil revenue assoc w weak democracy & rule of law

Q4: is Msia managing oil wealth responsibly?
In light of reserves soon to run out & growing population, should set aside some for future
Intergenerational equity

Gaps in 2012 budget: for industry
No help for manufacturing -needed for job creation esp middle class. High-skill sectors create relatively few jobs.
R&D: v littleexpenditure. Tied up in few niche institutes. Not enough in unis. Dispersed across pte sector
Sci & tech grads too few.
Infrastructure for innovation eg technical libraries, market info, labs & testing facilities.
Communication: not enough resources. SMECorp, SIRIM, NPC. Mostly concnetrated in KL

Social:
Best features probably expenditures for 2ndary education & abolishing school fees.
Civil svc: new salary structure, explicit promotion criteria. Increasescapacity, but what abt…
Size- vast expansions under Mahathir. Overlaps bet fed, state, corridor admins.
scope- gov intervention in too many sectors
accountability- e.g. water: until 2007, r’ship bet state gov & water provider direct. Now fed gov intervening, too many actors dilutes accountability.

Per capita fed gov spending is hugely disproportional for KL FT compared to states.

PR’s shadow budget: largely agrees w Chi Chang. Questions:
What sectors does PR gov want to invest in?
How to tackle inequality?
Are you happy w current tributary structure? – progressive taxes? Corporate vs income?
What relationship does PR see bet state & citizens?
–end talk–

Q&A session:

Q: Significant # of deserving poor/elderly/disabled etc not receiving assistance. But we don’t want to be stuck in welfare state, use some development programs eg Sg’s Workfare. Don’t go for cash transfer entirely.
TCC: there is not a proper database of needy in Msia. AG’s report highlighted aid misdirected to non-poor families. PR promises to consult w stakeholders on this.

Q(Barry Wain): 1. Pte investment supposedly surged last few years but I’m extremely sceptical, would like to ask you about this?
2.Govt providing cheap meals, who is being squeezed?
TCC:
1. Surge was starting from a low base. Gov figures are from MITI. Even with that surge, net FDI still negative.
2. 1Msia meals will most likely affect small traders. Eg coffeeshops, kedai runcit. Super/hypermarkets prob less affected bc catering to more wealthy.

Q/comment: 1. disagrees tt net investment outflow shows Msia not competitive. Could be showing tt Msian co’s competitive enough to invest abroad.
2. It’s a good thing tt Msia gov giving SMEs more chances.
TCC: 1. You may be right but issue is not whether Msian cos are strong or not. Question is why they are sending $ overseas? Eg passenger car mkt largest in ASEAN but automakers all moving to Thailand.
2. Issue w providing aid to failed SMEs is tt you end up socialising losses. How is aid structured? Ideally gov shd get investment back if it becomes profitable again. Also, gov shd b more conservative in stewarding taxpayers money. Not justifiable to invest in too-new/innovative product. Better to provide technical infrastructure tt can help whole industry.
FH: GLCs 50% econ, local SMEs only hv half the field to play in. To be viable they need to start exporting immediately.
2. In this part of the world, MNCs are much more profitable, SMEs do not want to b seen 2 have failed. Compare to eg Silicon Valley where failure is pt of career. If your co failed, means probably won’t work so shd not bail out SMEs twice.

Q: 1. Global labour market about 1/2bn people who are cheaper than Msia, how to deal with it? How much requires a political shift vs fiscal shift? 2. Institutions in Msia hv become diluted in last decade, how much do you think this plays in lack of competitivness?
TCC: 2. Foreign companies don’t trust judiciary, want disputed to be arbitrated in Sg. Other – police.
1. Productivity in Msia is low. Eg delivery of goods inefficient and tardy- drivers don’t have GPS. Bosses don’t care bc salary & fuel cheap.
Wain: many institutions simply don’t work, terrible situation when companies don’t trust courts.
Elephant in room: bumiputra policy. How much of a drag on economy is NEP(and its abuse)?
FH:
I look at electronics sector in my research. Ppl v worried about your #1 point in 2000-04. Co’s recruited to relocate from Penang to China. Worry has receded somewhat for managers wages, remains somewhat at lower skilled workers level. China problems: IP protection, labour unrest. Co’s don’t want to put all eggs in 1 basket. Msia also has few decades of developed capabilites. Manufacturers don’t want to pull out of established commitments. New front: Indonesia.
TCC:
As a result of misdirection, various inefficiencies in bumi policy perpetuated. E.g. APs distributed for free to bumi “entrepreneurs” (only 100-odd people) who did not import cars but simply sold them to the real car importers. Reason why auto industry reluctant invest in Msia.
NEM was to roll back some protections but right wing groups eg Perkasa protested, NEM has now been quietly shelved.
Prime tracts of land alienated to certain GLCs. Eg MRT project still doesn have cost estimate but has been given away.
FH:
Pg and Johor are centres for electronic industry but gov support is not oriented to manufacturing. Is given more to food&bev – disjunction.
Linguistic- older ppl in industry is a lot Chinese, not fluent in BM, English but most programs are in these languages.
Gov training programs give human capital but not social capital – focusing on certain ethnic groups only creates a barrier to growing those industries.

Q: subsidies per household quite substantial compared to income. By cutting down, why can’t Pakatan balance their budget? 2. AG’s report shows massive overspend, more room to cut.
TCC: can’t cut subsidies immediately. Will be retained for 1 year while working out how to proceed.

Q: what do you think of brain drain, Najib’s incentive of flat 15% tax for returnees? What else can be done? 2. What do you think of Iskandar?
TCC:
1. Don’t agree bc incentive for Malaysians to go abroad 1st to get low tax. Also, taxes not only thing driving Msians abroad. 6 years ago, similar initiative got substantial # back but only 1 left now. Other things: edu system, employment for talented.
2. Iskandar conceived in 2008, 3y later still planning? A lot of construction but hardly any institutions hv come in.
FH:
3-4 y ago Prof. Rajarasiah tried, horror stories on trying to get work permits & tax breaks (he’s the sole survivor of tt program).
Iskandar good if you are large co. & just need land, can integrate w Sg. If u r small & need investment, universities, other tech resources, no.

Q: are the overseas Msians tt gov is trying to get back from a certain demographic?
TCC: Talent corp not targeting any race. Across the board, successful Msians overseas incl bumis doing well & recognised in their work, don’t want to come back. If return to Msia, face stigma that “you’re here just bc you’re bumi”.

Q: one-line summary of 2 budgets?
FH: BN budget like American dessert, too sweet. PR budget like Japanese dessert, doesn’t hit your palate but you enjoy later.

Q(Ooi Kee Beng): when you study PR budget do you get a sense that it’s well integrated or just trying to grandstand?

Woke up late cos moved hse yest anddidnt want to pry selfout of bed.. came in ard noon, Prof Cheong Loong Fah speakingon insect conservation.

Saproxylic = feed on dead wood. Precarious existence bc depend on stochastic events, ie treefall. Many extinctor gg ectinct in Sg. We hv good knowledge of what was here hsitorically bc of Wallace’s collection.

Longhorn beetles as indicator sp for saproxyluic insects. (Shows photos,I’m stunned by how pretty some of them are. Also funny bc spent long time in USA wherte Asian longhorn beetles are bad invaxisves.

Q&A;
Q: what are the benefits to insects of the Eco-Link?
A: hard to predict. SX insects track treefall acrosslarge areas. On the other hand, someinsects live in successional areas but not deep forest.

Anuj Jain; Butterfly Trail @Orchard

How did it start? Aug 2008. Connet Botanic Gdns to Ft Canning Pk. Fesibility studies 2008-9.

Sponsored by Far East, UPS, Ricoh, SingPost. Several agencies & edu inst as partners.

Planting still in progress, abt half done. Official launch June 2010. Students from NIE & other sch helped.

Many Sg butterflies extinct & eco roles not undetrstood well.

Want 2 show tt buttefly gdn not like home gdn. E.g. Penang Road space has abt 40 sp plants, 200 individuals.
Sp: Grass Demon, turmeric
Common Rose, aristolochia (lost habitat in most Sg)

Dhoby Ghaut: Peacock Royal, uncommon in Sg but spotted here v often.

Buttefly Connector frm Istana Pk to Pg Rd bc lack of existing plant cover there.

Volunteers conduct surveys w/photography
Public guided walks & photography wkshop

Breeding > 12 spp, most often Plain Tiger, Autumn Leaf. Also uncommon, wud not b there ifnot 4 plantings.

Biodiversity: Orchard Rd rich habitat bc Botanic Gdns & Ft Canning
Baseline 28
Now 52
Uncommon in urban 11
Uncommon in Sg 9

Steady increase in diversity since mid 2010 at Pg Rd open space. Seasonal.

Q&A:
Q Prof Lai: any plans to expand to HDB? Isuggested yrs ago when I was in HDB, rejected on grounds tt residents wud complain abt caterpillars.
A: Limited by lack offunds.
Other audience member: I also sugested as part of South-West community. Think have to keep updating them (HDB?) on progress.
Other audience member: (Ho Hua Chew?) If you tell us what kind of plants to plant,we will consider. What we found when wking on Alexandra Hosp, u can hide host plant bhind flowering plant, ppl won’t see caterpillars. Single most impt, we shd stop fumigating bc kill eveything incl mozzie predators. NEA understands alredy, tryingto convince pte conttactos, condos etc.
Lastly don’t forget the Istana, it’s huge. Talk to the president.
Anuj: we want buttefly trail 2 bcome biodiversity trail so taking suggestions on incl endangered ferns etc.

Horseshoe Crab tracking studies: Permanent residents or foreign talent? Ng Ham Hua.

Associated w romance cos most often seen in mating pairs! Malays say “macam belangkas” of couples.

Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda last known Sg breeding populations @ Kranji, Lim Chu Kang. Decades ago used 2b @ Changi but no more.

Unknowns?
Philopatry
Move to open sea
Travel along Tebrau Strt
Homing instinct (whether can be relocated or will run back 2 site of capture)

Electronic acoustic tracking objectives
1. Monitor movements along Strait of Johor
2. Explore homing instinct

Receivers: waterproof, attached to fish farms in the area. Download data monthly.
6 SURs about 1km intervals along Strt
2m depth, work better in deep water. Can be interfered by other animals eg snapping shrimp.

Equipment what used on Limulus study in USA.

Site A Kranji no nearby pts to hang recievers, Marine Authority quoted $30k for a buoy!
Only detected 3mo later, 6.5km away at pts 5,6
Site B LCK, detected within few km.

Obj 2: captuee & relocate, switch A&B
Stayed at release sites

Prelim conclusions
Philopatric, stay within 3km capture site
No homing
Did not leave for open sea
Did not discern movment patten incl monsoon (compare to HSC in temperate zones which hv seasonal migration)

Problems
Short pd study
Lack of volunteers in some mths
Transmitters fall off when hsc molt.
Receivers biofoul w barnacles v fast.

Discussion
Different fm temperate spp?
Fish farms as food source causing them to hang ard?
Water quality in strait

Further
Active tracking from boats
Hsu Chia Chi & volunteers looking for HSC breeding sites

Call2 action:
Only 4 spp in whole world,2 in Singapore!
Protect entire NW coast Sg, extend Sg Buloh weland reserve
Fishermen say leases for alll factories in Kranji area end in few yeares, dunno wat gov plans 2 do w it
Want to make entire area Ramsar protected

Lunch

Wild Animals and Birds Act,Vinayagan Dharmarajah

Applies to outside of nature reserves (those under Parks & Trees aCt)
Covers mammals, birds, maybe reptiles. Terrestrial only.

Originally intended 2b 4 poachers. But, we now notice harrassment of wildlifealso a problem
Chasing/touching/molesting
Feeding
Flash photo & lasere pointer
Luring birds wrecorded calls, bird-liming

Should WABA move fm protecting to supporting?
Habitats,nests, foodsources (eg in USA, Endangered Spp Act, offence to destroy things the naimal feeds on)
SPecial prosecution 4 offences under other acts eg pollution tt hv impacton wildlife
Not just reward public for reporting offences, but also deputising eg ACRES, other NGOs andvolunteers

Charismatic/flagship spp
Eg hornbills, otters
Shd we increase penalties?
Problem: “freakonomics”; unintended consequences. Eg if u increase penalties onpoaching those spp, u increase their mkt values!

Vulnerable spp
Special threats: wildlife trade
Special needs: young individuals, small, slow-moving. E.g. Malaysia “mother and child law” higher penalty for taking primate mother w/young

Marine mammals & reptiles
Not covered by WABA!!

Non-traditional animals ie invertebrates
Corals: covered by different Act which is limited in its provisions
Are coverd within protected areas eg nature reserves…but the UNIQUENESSand VISIBILITY of someof these animals call that approach into question. Eg HSCs.
Visibility: shd we protect butterflies outsidenature reserves

Migrants
“Foreign talent” paradox: as with humans – As Sg urbanises, it will becomme less attractive to migrants, even as we need more migrants to keep it viable.
Sg a “black hole”?

Wildlife vs pests
Eg clearing landattracts cobras
Human-animal conflict

Alien spp, shd owners be prosecuted?

Can wild animals be killed?
Current WABA: 2 circumstances – threat to property and…
Others: threatening human safety, euthanasiaof sick/injured, scientificresearch

Shd we proescute employers of blue collar workers?
Many offenders blue-collar workers, do not have money to pay fines, ignorant, do it in inaccessible places
Make employers be the educators & take responsibility

Update: Common Myna one of 6 killable birds but is no longer common!

Low penalties, max $1000, not much deterrent.

Botanical status of mangrove forests in Singapore, CR Sheue (Natl Chung Hsing U, Taiwan)

Singapore~70000ha, mangroves ~700ha=1%. Slight improvement from 1990s.
Assets mainly on offshore islands, Tekong & Ubin. We shd focus on Ubin- 1 of few places w ENTIRE mangrove ecosystem from freshwater w 0 ppt salt to seawater w 35 ppt salt.
150ha Tekong, 100ha Ubin
P. Tawai: a model for Sg to emulate

About 35 spp mangroves, we hv only lost 1 (Brownlowia argentata)

Brugueriaa hainesii only 180 trees in the world! 1 of 2 INTERNATIONALLY endangered mangroves. 4 individuals in Sg (compare whole Vietnam only 2.
1 was destroyed during search for Mas Selamat
2 on Ubin. Found by Ali Ibrahim in 2000′s.
1 at SBWR, biggest,discovered by Ria Tan 2011

Mangroves not protected as heritage trees,maybe can push forthose tt hv beem listedby IUCN

Kandelia candel: last treein Sg lost!!! Died due to disturbance
Looking for propagules at SBWR – washed over from Johor. Also can actively collect and replant- currently no nursery but suggests to set one up.

B. sexangula and B hainesii
Sg has 5/6 Brugueria spp in d world.
Sexangula : propagules collected fm mother tree on Ubin. Good to source locally to preserve genetic makeup. Ubin, SBWR, Pasir Ris

Additional problem w Kandelia: missing pollinator.

What lies ahead
Climate change – sea level rise
Why so few aerial plants? Eg epiphytes, mistletoes, climbers. Mangroves in other countries many air plants. Eg Rhizophora host for Hydnophytum. More in P, Tekong bc of military presence = less manmade disturbance. Artificiallyrestored mangroves are lacking.
Water managemen: what happens when you manipulate rivers, creating freshwater reservoirs? Eg Sg Punggol: Avicennia dying bc high salt adapted. Rhizophora, Brugueria are “back” mangrove spp, doing OK.
WIth PUB and NParks wrote book “A Selection of Plants”
Increasing # of albino propagules yellow/pink, indicator of oils/organics pollution

Green Engineering
Mangroves sequester 50X more carbon than terrestrial forests. We can’t expand terres. nature reserves bc surrounded by condos. But hv 280km coastline
Hardy sp that cantolerate disturbance, ship traffic, some pollution: R. stylosa
P. Tekong: replanted in rice cylinders, collaboration bet. Engineers & ecologists.

Call for help: 4 spp abt 2 extinct in Sg
1. Merope angulata, in Mandai.
2. Cassine viburnifolia. V hard to germinate, may be hormonal. Need research $
3. Aegiceras corniculatum – need propagation programme
4. Avicennia marina – need conservation measures

Hybrids
R x lamarckii (avicennia x stylosa
1 more icoudnt write fast enough

Xylocarpus rumphii – not found in mangroves in Sg but in other countries eg Thailand

Making a Difference for Wildlife with Kids/Schools/Families, Vilma D’Rozario (Cicada Tree)

Often with kids from underprivileged backgrounds

Each lesson focuses on a certain animal
Acitivites – game, slide talk, drawing, viewing live or musuem specimens, nature walk, arts & crafts

Educate on human-animal interaction eg why we shouldn’t feed monkeys.

Student teachers help w lessons & occasional shows eg puppets, wayang kulit

Outreach – go other sites like ECP

Sea turtles: adults made a sand sculpture of laying turtle, kids throw in pingpong balls & count until 200 “eggs”

Show photos of captive & eaten wildlife to discuss wildlife poaching & human-animal conflict

Free nature walks for low-income kids funded by Lee Foundation

Kindergarten level “Young Eco-Explorers”
Part 1 classroom lecture & game on “what not to bring”
Part 2 trip to SBWR
This year Min of Edu engaged them to do kindy lessons, reached abt 500 kids. Condcuted @ Pasir Ris Pk. Show live specimens & do beach cleanup.

Collab w NParks

Musang Watch collab w NUS Toddycats, NSS Edu Grp, NIE, NTU students. Discuss human-civet conflict.

(Note to self: ask CA if we can hire CT to do a school holiday event for LA)

J Vanitha: Importance of contact with wild nature: insights from NSS HSC project

Majority of bio education is classroom based, 2D
Field and museum trips essential bc stimulate our senses, firsthand experience
Kids get excited, learn to be OK with getting dirty/small cuts
When asked to handle HSC initially v apprehensive but acclimate

Also important for kids as future decision-makers- experiences shape choices/preferences

Vicente Reyes (NIE)
Study on life pathways of students: disturbing downtrend in volunteering, civic agency, environmental responsibility
Value of education seen as getting high-paying job

HSC project opportunity to nurture love of environment. Volunteer teacher trainees organised. Kids from sec sch, JC, pte schools,NIE helped to capture, measure, mark, cleanup

Reflections:
Said experience unforgettable
Asked to submit written relfections: amazement, overcoming fear of animals
Teachers appreciate opportunity to conduct integrated learning

Margie Hall: Ecotourism in Singapore in relation to biodiversity conservation
“Eco” is just bunged on the front of everything these days.
Ecotourism should be different from other forms of tourism, as conservation not profit is the goal.
(Other things besides biodiversity- manmade artifacts & traditional ways of life)

Visitor management strongly emphasised to prevent tourists from destroying the things being conserved
Strict limits on location and timing eg gorilla-watching 40 min.

Financing: how much can we charge to cover costs but not chase people away?

Visitor education

Sustainability
No fancy foods, facilities
Follow local lifestyle & use local materials

Support local people & way of life
Provide alternative livelihood anf support choices for own way of living.

Conservation can be achieved in many ways – in Sg primarily by gov funding
Conserved areas can be visited by individuals or by guided groups, without it being ecotourism. (Eg going for a birding tour led by volunteer)
Abuse of the term eg building a resort and spa in the forest, misleading.
We don’t have ecotorusim in Sg because torusim money is not going into conservation, areas are protected by gov & by pte sponsorship.

There are ways in whcih principles of ecotorusimare used in Sg:
Visitor management by NParks eg limiting walking paths in SBWR; limiting visitors to Chek Jawa
Visits, projects, education may lead to more areas being conserved – but less direct connection.

“Ecotourism” branded (but not really) projects:
“Monkey Island” project: a pte company proposed to develop P Tekukor as a tourism site but tak jadi
Southern Islands project: St Johns Island etc. Would NOT have been ecotrousim bc proposed 5 star huge hotels. Built causeways to connect islands even though projecteventually fell through
Mandai Road “Nature” project: actually will b disturbing regenerating areas ard Mandai Road.
Sungai Pulai, Johor: 9000ha Ramsar site, already reserved in 1923. Again, will NOT be ecotourism bc will be disturbing rather than conserving a site.

Pulau Ubin as a Haven for Wildlife. Robert Teo, asst director of Ubinm, NParks

Only 1 paper on botanical aspect – Turner 1992. Most of original vegetation had been cleared in mid 20th century for rubber & cocoa plantations

Birds: many common Malayan lowland forest spp NOT found.

Sha 2002 updated land use map
Some areas reforested bet 2001-10. Esp since quarries stopped & residents left

Agencies managing sdiff areas: SLA (long-term aquaculture), NParks (designated as Pulau Ubin Recreation area, but NParks does not have exclusive control), OBS, NPCC.
Residents: few kampungs, 1 resort

NOT a nature reserve, classified as park. But NParks manages it along lines of NRs.
Monitoring, inventories
Habitat mgmt incl creating/restoring some habitats
Species recovery
Outreach
Community involvement
Visitor managment

Turner: ‘flora of Pulau Ubin is clearly depauperate” only 200 spp in 1992
Current 565 native spp; about 70 from main Sg intro by NParks

Some rare plants
Jamba/Common Nieweldia v rare orchid, trying to tissue culture
Robiqueta spathulata- successfully propagated by TC, hope to replant
Collared Fig common on Tekong but only 4 on Ubin. Looks like frangipani but has figs
Seashore Nutmeg rareelsewhere but common on Ubin. Easily propagated & replanted

Tekong & Ubin only places with *forests* of nipah – other places in Sgf only individuals or small grps.

Mammals, reptiles, amphibians: 1st survey 1993 found 37 native spp
2011: 73
Camera traps useful to find animals not seen in transects

Wild boars: colonised Ubin starting 1980s
Become friendly bc difficult to dissuade residents from feeding them, 2 even kept as pets
Sometimes collide wcyclists but so far no attacks

Palm civet v common
Smooth-coated otter made headlines in 1992 when Mah Bow Tan visited, 1st record. Currently 10-12 & approach NParks office, restaurant
Small-clawed otter
Greater mousedeer. Young ones found, breeding.
Sunda pangolin
Lesser false vampire aka Malayan false vampire. 4 roosts on Tekong, 2 on Ubin
Long-tongued nectar bat:no roosts found but known in mangroves

Reptiles
Bronzeback, whip snakes, shore pit viper (whacks tail agst branch warning sound), marbled sea snake, dogtoothed cat snake

Birds
134 native spp in 1992
Current 205,incl migrants
Red junglefowl
Stronghold for big owls

Butterflies
Jumped from 42 to 151 spp after recent survey

Dragonflies/damselflies
Number didntgo up that much after survey, need help from experts

Habitat restoration:
Reforestation
Jelutong Campsite: created butterfly park
Ketam Mt Bike Park: former quarry, replanted w grass & shrubs

Alien Invasive Species, Bian Tan
Examples of invasives FROM Singapore: gelam trees in Florida, brown cat snake in Guam
NParks definition of invasive “..negative impact…” human value judgement involved.

Impact
Displace native sp
Reduce biodiversity
Interrupt forest succession
May harm human health

Characteristics
Fast growing
Rapidreproduction
Larg no. offpstring
Tolerant of wide rnage of enviro conditions
These chars are shared w “pioneer species”
How do we determine invasiveness?
Cost-benefit analysis on introducing a species
Behaviour in similar habitats elsewhere
Invasiveness of related species (eg dandelions in temperate countries related to mile-a-minute plant here)

Actions
1.. educate
2.observe & record, keep lookout for potential invasives
3. Strategise – identify most serious invaisve & plan mgmt
4. Implement. Most involve manual removal bc pesticides & biocontrol likely harmful

(After that talk I gave up taking notes because I was really tired. There were 3 more)

I was showing my husband (American) this video and explained to him that Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah is a long-standing UMNO member who was on the wrong side of Mahathir during a conflict in the 1980s.

“He was on the B Team right?”

“Team B. But I’m really impressed you know that!”

“I’m learning slowly, dear.”

I really am impressed. I think most of our generation who, like me, were in kindergarten or embryos during that time won’t even know what the hell the 1988 constitutional crisis was about. It was one epic, operatic drama that pretty much wrecked law, justice, and politics in our country, but went largely unnoticed because the bureaucracy was left intact so life kept humming along as usual – except for those who were swept up by Ops Lalang.

Anyway, watch this video, it’s pretty awesome. If you’re over 21 and have not registered to vote yet, go to the nearest post office and do it. It’s free and only involves filling out a 1-page borang. At some post offices in large cities they can actually scan your IC and register you automatically without the borang.

Parallel plaque assays in 6-well plates under agar overlay and overlays containing 1.2%, 0.6%, and 0.3% of Avicel RC-581.

“Wow, that looks crunchy.”

“I always expect Avicel to be white and lumpy, but the CMC looks….caramelized.”

The higher concentrations of Avicel were crumbly, whereas the CMC was an immobile gel with nasty burnt bits around the chunks that hadn’t been completely suspended. One really wouldn’t think, intuitively, that a 2% solution of anything in water is enough to turn it into a solid, almost, as I said, crunchy, mass. Long chain carbohydrates are pretty amazing, but maybe I’m easily entertained by silly crap because I’m not a chemist.

Tilting one of the CMC bottles back and forth, I recalled something from its glossy wet shine. “D’you know what they make out of CMC?”

“What?”

“Lubricant.”

“Really?”

“In case you’re wondering why it looks familiar.”

“I never had to use that stuff.”

“Really?”

“I choose wisely.”

At this point I started blushing because my supervisor’s wife is also our VP for clinical development…remind me not to try to out-embarrass him any more.